Electrochromic composition and electrochromic device using same

ABSTRACT

Electrochromic compositions for use in devices with electrically controlled absorption of light such as light filters of variable optical density, light emission modulators, and information image displays. The described electrochromic compositions may be used, for example, for creating light-transmitting coatings of buildings for controlling indoor microclimate by regulating the flow of natural light. Specifically, described is an exemplary organic electrochromic composition that is based on biocompatible and biodegradable components and is characterized by an increased service life, a high rate of light-transmission change. The described electrochromic compositions may be prepared in a wide range of light-absorption spectra and coating colors.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/300,216, filed on Jun. 9, 2014, entitled “Electrochromic Composition and Electrochromic Device Using Same,” the content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

This U.S. patent application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/300,220, filed on Jun. 9, 2014, entitled “ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE,” the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The disclosed embodiments relate in general to the field of applied electrochemistry, and in particular to electrochromic compositions used in devices with electrically controlled absorption of light such as light filters of variable optical density, light emission modulators, and information image displays.

Description of the Related Art

Electrochromism is the physical phenomenon found in certain compositions of reversibly changing predetermined optical properties such as color or light transmittance with an application of an electrical voltage called a control voltage. Electrochromism provides the basis for operation of various electrochromic devices, such as smart glass well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. Various types of optical materials and structures can be used to construct the aforesaid compounds with electrochromic properties, with the specific structures being dependent on the specific purpose of the electrochromic device.

Known in the art are electrochromic compositions based on quaternary salts of bipyridine. A composition closest to the one proposed by the present invention (i.e., the nearest prior-art composition) is a composition comprising a diperchlorate of 1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-dipyridine; 1,1′-diethylferrocene; a copolymer of methylmethacrylate and acrylic acid; and propylene carbonate. A major disadvantage of compositions of this type is the low rate of change in light transmittance under the effect of applied voltage, whereby problems occur in the manufacturing of coatings for use on large surface areas.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventive methodology is directed to methods and systems that substantially obviate one or more of the above and other problems associated with conventional electrochromic compositions and electrochromic devices.

In accordance with one aspect of the embodiments described herein, there is provided an electrochromic composition comprising a cathodic component in the form of a quaternary salt of dipyridine, an anodic component in the form of a ferrocene derivative, a polymeric thickener, and a solvent, wherein the cathodic component comprises 1,1′-dialkyl-4,4′-bipyridine with anions such as BF4-, PF6-, CIO4-, CF3SO3- or (CF3SO2)2N-; the polymeric thickener comprises a copolymer of methylacrylate and an acrylic acid, polyvinyl acetate, a polylactic acid, or poly-3-hydroxybutyrate; and the solvent comprises propylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone or di-, tri-polyethylene glycols or their esters; the components being used in the following mass percentage [%] quantities: 0.4-3.6 of the cathodic component in the form of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridine with anions such as BF₄—, PF₆—, CIO₄—, CF₃SO₃— or (CF₃SO₂)₂N—; 0.3-3.0 of the anodic component in the form of 1,1′-diethylferrocene derivative; and the balance being a solvent in the form of butyrolactone or propylene carbonate or N-methylpyrrolidone or di-, tri-polyethylene glycols or their esters.

In accordance with another aspect of the embodiments described herein, there is provided an electrochromic device comprising an electrochromic composition comprising a cathodic component in the form of a quaternary salt of dipyridine, an anodic component in the form of a ferrocene derivative, a polymeric thickener, and a solvent, wherein the cathodic component comprises 1,1′-dialkyl-4,4′-bipyridine with anions such as BF4-, PF6-, CIO4-, CF3SO3- or (CF3SO2)2N-; the polymeric thickener comprises a copolymer of methylacrylate and an acrylic acid, polyvinyl acetate, a polylactic acid, or poly-3-hydroxybutyrate; and the solvent comprises propylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone or di-, tri-polyethylene glycols or their esters; the components being used in the following mass percentage [%] quantities: 0.4-3.6 of the cathodic component in the form of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridine with anions such as BF₄—, PF₆—, CIO₄—, CF₃SO₃— or (CF₃SO₂)₂N—; 0.3-3.0 of the anodic component in the form of 1,1′-diethylferrocene derivative; and the balance being a solvent in the form of butyrolactone or propylene carbonate or N-methylpyrrolidone or di-, tri-polyethylene glycols or their esters.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the embodiments described herein, there is provided a method for preparing an electrochromic composition, the method comprising: providing a cathodic component in the form of a quaternary salt of dipyridine, providing an anodic component in the form of a ferrocene derivative, providing a polymeric thickener, and providing a solvent, wherein the cathodic component comprises 1,1′-dialkyl-4, 4′-bipyridine with anions such as BF4-, PF6-, CIO4-, CF3SO3- or (CF3SO2)2N—; the polymeric thickener comprises a copolymer of methylacrylate and an acrylic acid, polyvinyl acetate, a polylactic acid, or poly-3-hydroxybutyrate; and the solvent comprises propylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone or di-, tri-polyethylene glycols or their esters; the components being used in the following mass percentage [%] quantities: 0.4-3.6 of the cathodic component in the form of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridine with anions such as BF₄—, PF₆—, CIO₄—, CF₃SO₃— or (CF₃SO₂)₂N—; 0.3-3.0 of the anodic component in the form of 1,1′-diethylferrocene derivative; and the balance being a solvent in the form of butyrolactone or propylene carbonate or N-methylpyrrolidone or di-, tri-polyethylene glycols or their esters.

Additional aspects related to the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Aspects of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations of various elements and aspects particularly pointed out in the following detailed description and the appended claims.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing and the following descriptions are exemplary and explanatory only and are not intended to limit the claimed invention or application thereof in any manner whatsoever.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification exemplify the embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain and illustrate principles of the inventive technique. Specifically:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary application of an embodiment of the described composition in electrochromic devices such as light-modulating devices, automotive glasses or mirrors, or windows of buildings or any other transparent or reflective surfaces.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In the following detailed description, reference will be made to the accompanying drawing(s), in which identical functional elements are designated with like numerals. The aforementioned accompanying drawings show by way of illustration, and not by way of limitation, specific embodiments and implementations consistent with principles of the present invention. These implementations are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention and it is to be understood that other implementations may be utilized and that structural changes and/or substitutions of various elements may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be construed in a limited sense.

In accordance with one aspect of the embodiments described herein, there are provided novel electrochromic compositions for use in devices with electrically controlled (voltage-controlled) absorption of light such as light filters of variable optical density, light emission modulators, and information image displays. Various embodiments of the described electrochromic compositions may be used, for example, for creating light-transmitting coatings of buildings for controlling indoor microclimate by regulating the flow of natural light. Specifically, described is an embodiment of an organic electrochromic composition that is based on biocompatible and biodegradable components and is characterized by an increased service life as well as a high rate of light-transmittance change in response to the change in the controlled voltage. The described novel techniques enable preparing electrochromic compositions in a wide range of light-absorption spectra and coating colors.

In one or more embodiments, there is provided an electrochromic composition comprising a cathodic component such as—1,1′-dialkyl-4, 4′-bipyridine with anions of BF₄—, PF₆—, CIO₄—, CF₃SO₃— or (CF₃SO₂)₂N—; an anodic component such as 0.3 to 3.0% of a ferrocene derivative; an electrode reaction accelerator additive such as 0.5% of a ferrocenium salt; and a solvent such as propylene carbonate or N-methylpyrrolidone or a di-, tri-, [or another] polyethylene glycole or their ethers as the balance.

Specifically, in one exemplary embodiment, the electrochromic composition comprises a cathodic component in the form of 1,1′-dialkyl-4, 4′-bipyridine with complex fluoride anions such as BF₄—, PF₆—, and organic anions such as CF₃SO₃— or (CF₃SO₂)₂N—; an anodic component in the form of a ferrocene derivative; and a solvent such as propylene carbonate or N-methylpyrrolidone or di-, tri-, [or other] polyethylene glycols and their esters; as well as biodegradable polymers in the form of polylactic acid or poly-3-hydroxybutyrate; the components being used in the following mass percentage quantities: 0.3 to 3.2 of the cathodic component in the form of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridine with anions such as BF₄— and CIO₄— or 0.5 to 4.4 of 1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-dipyridine with anions BF₄— and CIO₄—; 0.3 to 3.0 of the anodic component in the form of a ferrocene derivative; and the balance being a solvent. The described electrochromic composition is characterized by the replacement of used solvent and polymer thickener as well as simplification of the component composition.

In one or more embodiments, the additives comprise antioxidants including, without limitation, polyphenols, sterically hindered phenols, and/or ionol; and UV filters such as benzophenones and cinnamates.

It should be noted that modification of the described components imparts to the composition new properties, i.e., improved service life and increased rate of switching of light transmittance with application of the control voltage.

In one or more embodiments, an electrochromic device for testing of the compositions consisted of two polymer films coated on their inner sides with semiconductor coatings of In₂O₃ films with doping additives or films coated with current-conductive metal meshes. The distance between the films in the device was determined by the thickness of the inert filler introduced into the electrochromic composition for maintaining a constant thickness of the electrochromic layer. The electrochromic composition was introduced between the films, and then both films were bonded to one another over the perimeter.

Certain specific examples of the application of the described electrochromic composition will now be described.

Example 1

A first exemplary composition was prepared by dissolving 1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-bipyridinium di(perchlorate) to a concentration of 1.2% and 1,1′-diethylferrocene, as well as a copolymer of methylacrylate and acrylic acid to a concentration of 33.8% in propylene carbonate. The resulting composition was used for constructing an electrochromic device having the thickness of the inter-electrode spacing being 100 μm. In the initial state, the composition had a light yellowish color. When voltage of 1.5 V was applied, the color turned blue. Initial transmittance was 70%. The electrochromic device was tested for 8 hours per day under the following conditions: coloring for 30 seconds at U=1.5 V and discoloration for 30 seconds by circuiting the electrodes. After 3 and 6 months of work in a non-colored state, the light transmittance was 65% and 61%, respectively.

Example 2

A second exemplary composition was prepared by dissolving 1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-bipyridinium di(perchlorate) to concentration of 1.2%, 1,1′-diethylferrocene to a concentration of 0.5%, and a copolymer of methylacrylate and acrylic acid to a concentration of 33.8% in propylene carbonate. The resulting composition was used for filling a 50-μm interelectrode space of the electrochromic device. In the initial state, the composition was practically colorless. When voltage of 1.5 V was applied, the color turned blue. Initial transmittance was 78%. The electrochromic device was tested for 8 hours per day under the following conditions: coloring for 30 seconds at U=1.5 V and discoloration for 30 seconds by circuiting the electrodes. After 3 and 6 months of work in a noncolored state, transmittance was 75% and 69%, respectively.

Example 3

A third exemplary composition was prepared by dissolving 1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-bipyridinium di(perchlorate) to a concentration of 1.2%, 1,1′-diethylferrocene to a concentration of 0.5%, and polyvinyl acetate to a concentration of 34% in propylene carbonate. The resulting composition was used for filling a 50-μm interelectrode space of an electrochromic device. In the initial state, the composition was practically colorless. When voltage of 1.5 V was applied, the color turned blue. Initial transmittance was 77%. The electrochromic device was tested for 8 hours per day under the following conditions: coloring for 30 seconds at U=1.5 V and discoloration for 30 seconds by circuiting the electrodes. After 3 and 6 months of work in a noncolored state, transmittance was 73% and 65%, respectively.

In one or more embodiments, the upper limit of concentrations was determined by solubility of quaternary salts of bipyridine in the solvent used, and the lower limit was defined by the minimal value of light absorption in an electrically colored state at which it became unsuitable for practical use. Furthermore, the proposed composition comprises an additive that accelerates electrode reaction and thus shortens switching time of the device.

The embodiments of the electrochromic composition described herein have a prolonged service life, during which the main optical light characteristic, i.e., light transmittance, is preserved.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary application of an embodiment of the described composition in electrochromic devices such as light-modulating devices, automotive glasses or mirrors, or windows of buildings or any other transparent or reflective surfaces.

In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the described electrochromic composition (3) is embodied as a layer (3) of an arbitrary thickness located between two transparent conductive layers (2). The thickness of the electrochromic layer is defined by the specific use and may range from 25 μm to 200 μm. Transparent conductive layers (2) are arranged on a substrate (1), which functions as a protective and fixing layer. Control voltage is supplied to the transparent electrically conductive layers (4) by lead wires or loops.

Finally, it should be understood that processes and techniques described herein are not inherently related to any particular apparatus and may be implemented by any suitable combination of components. Further, various types of general purpose devices may be used in accordance with the teachings described herein. It may also prove advantageous to construct specialized apparatus to perform the method steps described herein. The present invention has been described in relation to particular examples, which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive.

Moreover, other implementations of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. Various aspects and/or components of the described embodiments may be used singly or in any combination in electrochromic compositions for use in devices with electrically controlled absorption of light. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An electrochromic device comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode; an electrochromic composition layer disposed between the first and second electrodes and configured to change color in response to an applied voltage between the first and second electrodes, the electrochromic composition layer comprising the following components: a cathodic component comprising one of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium, 1,1′-diethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium or 1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-dipyridinium, and one of PF₆ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻ or (CF₃SO₂)₂N⁻, an anodic component comprising a ferrocene, a polymeric thickener, an antioxidant, and an ultraviolet filter.
 2. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein the electrochromic composition layer is a single layer contacting the first and second electrodes and further comprising a solvent having the components mixed or dissolved therein.
 3. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein the antioxidant comprises one or more of a polyphenol, a sterically hindered phenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (ionol).
 4. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein the antioxidant comprises one or more of a benzophenone and a cinnamate.
 5. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein the cathodic component is present at a concentration of 0.4-0.3.6 mass % on the basis of a total mass of the electrochromic composition layer.
 6. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein the anodic component is present at a concentration of 0.3-3.0 mass % on the basis of a total mass of the electrochromic composition layer.
 7. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises one or more of propylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol and an ester thereof.
 8. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein the anodic component comprises 1,1′-diethylferrocene.
 9. The electrochromic device of claim 1, further comprising a polymeric thickener comprising a copolymer of methylacrylate and one of a polylactic acid or poly-3-hydroxybutyrate.
 10. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein the electrochromic device is configured such that the electrochromic composition layer visibly changes color in about 30 seconds under about 1.5V.
 11. The electrochromic device of claim 1, wherein the electrochromic composition layer has a thickness of 25 μm to 200 μm.
 12. The electrochromic device of claim 1, further comprising an electrode reaction accelerator additive comprising a ferrocenium salt.
 13. The electrochromic device of claim 1, further comprising a biodegradable polymer comprising one of poly lactic acid or poly-3-hydroxybutyrate.
 14. An electrochromic device comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode; an electrochromic composition layer disposed between the first and second electrodes and configured to change color in response to an applied voltage between the first and second electrodes, the electrochromic composition layer comprising the following components: a solvent comprising one of propylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, or an ester thereof, a cathodic component comprising a quaternary salt comprising one of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium, 1,1′-diethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium or 1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-dipyridinium and one of BF₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, or an organic anion, an anodic component comprising one of ferrocene or 1,1′-diethylferrocene, and a biodegradable polymer comprising one of poly lactic acid or poly-3-hydroxybutyrate.
 15. The electrochromic device of claim 14, wherein the electrochromic composition layer is a single layer contacting the first and second electrodes and comprising the solvent having the cathodic component, the anodic component and the biodegradable polymer mixed or dissolved therein.
 16. The electrochromic device of claim 14, wherein the cathodic component comprises 1,1′-diethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium.
 17. The electrochromic device of claim 14, wherein the organic anion is one of CF₃SO₃— or (CF₃SO₂)₂N⁻.
 18. The electrochromic device of claim 14, wherein the quaternary salt is present at a concentration of 0.4-0.3.6% on the basis of a total mass of the electrochromic composition layer. 